Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than was expected.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes required them to serve in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the end of the period. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and they must be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a valid Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territory. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was widely covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.
One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were 에볼루션바카라사이트 fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this time the samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.